The role of education and gender in shaping career paths of Polish millennials: a shared frailty survival model analysis

Wioletta Grzenda; Agnieszka Marszałek

doi:https://doi.org/10.59139/stattrans-2026-010

The role of education and gender in shaping career paths of Polish millennials: a shared frailty survival model analysis

Wioletta Grzenda Collegium of Economic Analysis, Institute of Statistics and Demography, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2226-4563 , Agnieszka Marszałek Independent researcher, Poland ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000- 0003-4906-6484 Statistics in Transition new series, vol. 27, 2026, 1, pages: 169-186 Published online: 11 March 2026 https://doi.org/10.59139/stattrans-2026-010 Citation: Grzenda W., Marszałek A., 2026. The role of education and gender in shaping career paths of Polish millennials: a shared frailty survival model Analysis. Statistics in Transition new series, 27(1), pp.?. 169-186 https://doi.org/10.59139/stattrans-2026-010

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ABSTRACT

Our study aims to examine the influence of gender and the level of education on job mobility among young employees, using the Polish labor market as an example. When analyzing job changes, we go beyond previous studies by considering the duration of individual job episodes and the time-varying nature of some characteristics in young people, such as the level of education or the marital status. Our analysis was based on survival analysis methods, including frailty models. Using data from the Generation and Gender Survey, we found that the impact of the examined factors on job mobility varied by gender. We observed that the influence of having a child on job mobility was significant only for women. Mothers had a lower risk of job changes than childless women. The stabilization of men's careers takes place over time and is associated with leaving the family home and marriage. Moreover, having higher education has a greater impact on the risk of job changes for men than for women.

KEYWORDS

education, gender, job mobility, survival analysis

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